Environmental Economics
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: Fossil fuel consumption has warmed the earth by releasing greenhouse gases. Abnormal climate changes, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and other climate phenomena have attracted global attention. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered as the main cause of climate change and global warming. ...
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Introduction: Fossil fuel consumption has warmed the earth by releasing greenhouse gases. Abnormal climate changes, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and other climate phenomena have attracted global attention. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered as the main cause of climate change and global warming. The largest percentage of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide gas. The spread of pollution is one of the most important problems of countries It is one of the problems of the present century. Iran is among the ten countries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world, and measures have been taken to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in this country, which have not led to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in this country.Materials and Methods: The purpose of this research is to investigate energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth using the directional non-cyclical graph approach for the period of 1990-2018 for the country of Iran. The data was obtained annually from the World Bank. Pearson's correlation test and Granger's causality test were investigated for variables of economic growth, capital, open trade, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. For the first time, this research examines the causal relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth with the approach of a directed non-cyclic diagram.Results: According to the results of this research, there is a significant correlation in the variables of carbon dioxide emission, open trade, energy consumption, capital formation and GDP. The highest correlation coefficient belongs to GDP and carbon dioxide emissions and the lowest correlation coefficient is related to gross domestic production and open trade. According to the results of the Granger causality test, causality from GDP to carbon dioxide emissions, causality from carbon dioxide emissions to energy consumption, causality from GDP to energy consumption, Causality from capital to energy consumption, causality from capital to GDP, The cause of carbon dioxide emissions to open trade. Causality from energy consumption to open trade, causality from capital to open trade and so on There is causality from GDP to open trade. Iran has a relative advantage in energy consumption due to its huge resources of oil and gas, which has caused the emission of pollutants by the gross domestic product.Discussion: According to the results in Iran, there is causality from gross domestic product to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, which shows that Iran does not need to reduce its economic growth in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It indicates that energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran will not lead to economic growth. Iran can follow a conservative energy policy and a policy to reduce carbon emissions in the long term without creating obstacles and reducing economic growth. Economic growth has led to the emission of pollution and it is possible to pursue economic growth without the emission of pollution by using sustainable development policies. The causality is from economic growth to energy consumption, trade and capital. According to the directed acyclic diagram (DAG), the Granger causality test was investigated in the variables of economic growth, open trade, capital, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. According to the results of this research, Granger causality has started from economic growth to other variables.
Environmental Economics
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: The industrial revolution not only started a new era of rapid economic growth in countries, but also brought modern phenomena such as global warming and climate change. One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution is the transformation of the world economy into fossil fuel-based ...
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Introduction: The industrial revolution not only started a new era of rapid economic growth in countries, but also brought modern phenomena such as global warming and climate change. One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution is the transformation of the world economy into fossil fuel-based economies. The use of fossil fuels continuously disrupts the level of carbon in the atmosphere and thus keeps the heat in the atmosphere. Due to the fact that OPEC member countries are oil sellers and have a relative advantage in fossil energy consumption, and energy consumption leads to the emission of carbon dioxide, so research in this field is necessary.Materials and Method: In this research, carbon dioxide emission spillover in OPEC member countries was investigated using Dieblod - Yilmaz method. Then, using complex network theory, the spillover network in OPEC member countries was investigated.Results: Carbon dioxide emission spillover from Angola to Iran 6.1%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Algeria 0.8%, Ecuador 1.9%, Iraq 1%, Kuwait 12%, Libya 5%, Nigeria 1.4%, Qatar is 1%, Saudi Arabia is 3.3% and Venezuela is 8.8%. Kuwait has the most spillover of carbon dioxide emission to Iran. The most spillover of carbon dioxide emissions from Iran is to Iraq and Angola. The value of Contribution to others, which means the spillover of carbon dioxide emissions, is the highest for the United Arab Emirates, which means that this country has the highest amount of carbon dioxide emissions among the OPEC member countries. A negative NET value indicates that the net spillover received is higher than the spillover transferred. A positive NET value indicates that the transmitted spillover is greater than the effect of the received spillover. The value of TCI (total connectedness index) in this research is 61.76%, which is a large number and shows that the spillover effect is strong in these countries. Finally, this spillover was investigated using complex network theory.Discussion: According to the results of this study, the countries of Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Libya and Venezuela are the senders of carbon dioxide emissions and the countries of Kuwait, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Algeria are the receivers of carbon dioxide emissions. The country of Kuwait has the most spillover of carbon dioxide emission to Iran. The most spillover of carbon dioxide emissions from Iran is to Iraq and Angola. The TCI index is 61.76%, which shows that the spillover effect is strong in these countries. Qatar is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in the network of carbon dioxide emissions spillover in OPEC member countries. The country of Libya has the highest value of weighted indegree, and the sender of the spillover effect of carbon dioxide emissions, the country of Qatar has the highest value of weighted degree A complex network shows spillover relationships between edges. Qatar, Nigeria and Algeria countries are in one cluster and Ecuador and Venezuela countries are in one cluster and Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates countries are in one cluster due to the spillover effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Degree, outdegree and indegree values are the same for all countries.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission ...
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Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission function and the effective variables in this function using the Markov switching method with two regimes for the period from 1975 to 2018. In the conducted researches, the carbon dioxide emission function for Iran has not been investigated. For the first time, this research examines the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran using the Markov switching method.Material and methods: Markov switching method was used in this research. In Markov switching models, the time series process is a function of an unobservable random variable called the regime. If the time series changes over time with regime change, the assumption of constant parameters in VAR models is not justified. MS-VAR models can be used as a suitable replacement. The model examined in this research is as follows:LCO2t = β + LCO2t-1 + LENERGYt + LGDPt + (LGDP)t2+UtIn the above model, LENERGY logarithm of energy consumption per capita, LGDP is the logarithm of gross domestic product at constant prices in 2005. U term error and (LGDP)2, The square of the logarithm of GDP in 2005 price LCO2t-1 is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions in kilograms with one break and LCOt is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions (kg per GDP in 2010 dollars). The data of this research was collected from the World Bank website and Oxmetrics7 software was used to estimate the model. The model was considered with two regimes, a regime with high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and a regime with low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission.Results: In this research, two regimes, including the regime of high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and the regime of low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission, were investigated. According to the results, the hypothesis of Iran's Kuznets curve in the shape of an inverted U was confirmed. According to the results, Iran is at the beginning of the downward part of the Kuznets curve. In the function of carbon dioxide gas emission, the logarithm of carbon dioxide gas emission with one break, the variable logarithm of energy consumption, the logarithm of real gross domestic product, the squared logarithm of real gross domestic product, respectively 0.53%, 0.55%, 0.46% and -0.070 % has a significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide gas.Discussion In this model, the width of the regression origin is dependent on the regime. The intermittent variable of the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions has had a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions, which shows that with the increase in the carbon dioxide emissions of the previous period, the carbon dioxide emissions of the next period will increase. The carbon dioxide gas released in a period is not completely absorbed until the end of the period, and some of it remains in the environment as storage. All variables of the model are significant with zero probability in the function. Based on the findings of the research, variables of energy consumption, real gross domestic product, real gross domestic product squared and carbon dioxide gas emission variable have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide gas emission.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in ...
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Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in the period 1992-1992. Iran has a comparative advantage in energy consumption, so research in this area is necessary. According to the results of financial development, it has had a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution in these countries in the form of three models, and indicates that financial development in these countries has not led to the creation of environmentally friendly technologies. Energy consumption, GDP and urban growth have a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. The Kuznets curve in these countries is confirmed by an inverted U-shape. Financial development with dynamic least squares and adjusted ordinary squares has a positive and significant effect on energy consumption.